South Africa’s looming water crisis
Looking at South Africa, for example, this pressure is already evident. A growing population and rapid urbanization, which leads to deforestation and increased demand for water, puts strain on the country’s supply. When operational water requirements from mining and industry are included in the big picture, the need for responsible water stewardship starts to become clear. It’s worth noting that South Africa is classified as a semi-arid country, and that this demand on an already limited water supply contributes to a growing water shortage crisis in the country.
Considering that mining is an essential part of the national economy, contributing about 8% of GDP and providing direct employment to approximately half a million people according to Boston Consulting Group, it is imperative that mines are able to operate optimally. Though mining uses less than 3% of the national water supply, it is one of the country’s largest industries and, therefore, in a position to make a powerful impact if it prioritizes responsible water usage.
Accounting for the pressure to reduce
Water is an essential life-giving resource that is required for survival as a basic human need. Poor water management has a far-reaching impact on the environment and surrounding communities. On a practical business level, it also has a negative impact on a company's image and will have a deleterious effect on their environmental, social and governance (ESG) reporting.
Failing to implement effective water management and become a responsible water steward also has financial implications. Mining companies must demonstrate responsible water management to access the funds required to develop new projects and expand existing operations. Furthermore, investors are more environmentally conscious and often look for the companies they invest in to share their values.
Therefore, mines must investigate and implement measures that enable them to reduce their dependence on external water sources, while still maintaining their operations for the short- and long-term.
A key component of becoming a responsible water steward is committing to effective water management.
Five principles to an effective water management strategy:
1. Quantification of volumes
Having a well thought out monitoring network and a central repository for the data is the first step in effectively managing water resources which allows for the quantification of the current water status of a mine. Flow monitoring onsite is often primarily focused on streams that a mine is required to pay for or that are linked to a regulatory requirement, municipal water supply, river abstraction, etc. While internal reuse and recycle and inter-transfer streams are frequently not measured since there is no regulatory or cost implication to these, we recommend that these are included for a complete view of flow monitoring and more accurate data for better informed reporting, planning and decisioning.
2. Knowing your status
The key to an effective water management strategy is knowing your water status. Mines should keep track of trends and gain an understanding of how water is being lost from a system, where, and what volume of water is being used. These metrics can then be used to identify areas for improvements. Water conservation and management initiatives can only be implemented if there is a clear understanding of water use. This can be accomplished by firstly understanding the sources of water, how much water a mine consumes and exactly how this water is being consumed.
3. Modelling the site water management
With the recommended flow monitoring network established, a mine should invest in a functional and dynamic water and salt balance model. This is a key recommendation and will allow for the quantification of the inputs, outputs, and storage of water within the system over a specified time period and provides an understanding of the key hydrological processes (climate, runoff, etc.), predicting water availability, and managing water resources effectively. A key understanding of the environment and catchment where a mine is located is imperative to appreciating the risks or opportunities related to the supply side of water management for an operation, which can be coded into the water balance model. The salt balance will assist in quantification of the loads of relevant contaminants to assess water quality impacts as well as provide an understanding of the “fit-for-purpose” water use.
4. Optimization and identification of opportunities
The use of a “fit for purpose” study can reveal opportunities to reduce water intake and offer insight into how water can be more effectively reused and recycled on a site. When our teams perform such a study, we identify all the water sources available, both in terms of quality and quantity. For example, we look at groundwater ingress into mine workings, rainfall and runoff captured in contaminated areas, water abstracted from a natural resource (river, dam) for use on the site and water recovered from tailings facilities and treatment processes. We then list all the water uses and again look at the quality required alongside any constraints in terms of water quality.
These uses are matched with the water available, taking into consideration the site layout and seasonal variations to provide recommendations on where and how to reuse water on site. This process has been proven to reduce freshwater consumption and, in some cases, reduce the volume of water requiring treatment and therefore reduce treatment costs.
Another key water management approach is preventing the mixing of impacted with non-impacted water using active dewatering, clean and dirty water separation and continuous rehabilitation. This enables sites to release cleaner water to the environment, making it available for other users in the catchment.
5. Mine closure considerations
Finally, mines would do well to take a full lifecycle approach to water management that includes considerations related to closure and post-closure. When a mine approaches closure without having followed a water stewardship approach, there are two potential risks. The first is a significant financial risk associated with retroactive rehabilitation of mine impacted areas. The second is delayed closure and certification as additional time is needed to implement new protocols and procedures to meet regulatory requirements and specifications for closure.
Progress at present
There are several water saving initiatives that are being implemented by local mines at present, and from which inspiration can be drawn. For example, some mines are implementing side stream treatment processes, which enable improved reuse on mine impacted water streams. Another water saving initiative entails improving density control on tailings thickeners.
With a better understanding of relevant water metrics, intake streams and reduction initiatives with more focus on reuse and recycling, and water efficiencies, mining companies can identify specific water saving opportunities more effectively.
Whichever approach mining companies take, both mining and water share a commonality of being essential to the success and growth of the African continent. Mines are in a unique position to drive responsible water stewardship and set the precedent for other industries to adopt.
